What Is Cushing’s Disease?

Cushing’s disease is a medical condition caused by excessive levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. It is caused by tumors on the pituitary gland or in the adrenal glands, both of which are endocrine glands. The tumors cause the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol. This can lead to a number of symptoms, including increased thirst and urination, weight gain and abnormal fat distribution, thinning of the skin, easy bruising and purple or pink stretch marks. It can also lead to diabetes, osteoporosis, high blood pressure and variation in the ratio of blood cholesterol.

Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease

The most common symptoms of Cushing’s disease are weight gain and increased body fat in specific locations, particularly the upper back and abdomen. Patients with Cushing’s may also experience fatigue, muscle weakness, mood swings, irritability and depression. High cortisol levels can also lead to changes in the skin, such as thinning, easy bruising and purple or pink stretch marks. Other symptoms that may be present include high blood pressure, high levels of blood sugar, weak bones, male pattern baldness, and excessive facial and body hair.

Treatment and Management

The first step in diagnosing Cushing’s disease is to take a detailed medical history, followed by a physical exam. Blood tests are used to measure cortisol levels and to look for other hormones that might be associated with the underlying cause of the disease. Imaging tests such as MRI and CT scans are used to detect tumors in the pituitary gland or adrenal glands. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the type of treatment prescribed depends on the underlying cause. Surgery may be used if a tumor is present, or medications may be prescribed to reduce the levels of cortisol in the body.

In cases where surgery is not possible or successful, radiation or chemotherapy may be used to treat the underlying cause of Cushing’s disease. Other treatments may include lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise and stress management techniques. A multidisciplinary team of medical professionals often works together to develop a personalized treatment plan for individuals with Cushing’s disease. Although there is no cure for Cushing’s disease, with treatment and management, the symptoms can often be controlled and the progression of the disease slowed.