What is Conservatism?
In the world of political thought, there is no one-size-fits-all definition of conservatism. This is because conservatism has evolved throughout time and the beliefs of a conservative have shifted and changed with the way society adapts. Conservative theorists – from those who hold more traditional views to more modern interpretations of the beliefs – often disagree on particular points. However, underlying their disagreements are a few core principles that most conservatives hold in common.
Principles of Conservatism
Perhaps the most fundamental principle of conservatism is its adherence to tradition—the belief that tried and true customs and practices should be maintained. Conservatism prefers to learn from the mistakes of the past and lessens the risk of implementing untested policies. This traditionalism is commonly expressed as a caution against rash decisions and sweeping changes, with conservatives promoting steady and gradual development.
Another key principle of conservatism is that of a hierarchical order to society. Conservatives often advocate for the idea of the ‘natural order’. In their view, those in power and higher social positions should be respected and their authority upheld, as opposed to any movements or changes which challenge the status quo. This sense of ‘natural order’ applies to many aspects of life, including social habits, values and morals.
The third principle of conservatism is closely related to the second, in that it holds that individuals should be responsible for their own lives, and not reliant on government intervention. Too much government control and central planning can be seen as a danger—and conservatives often argue that too much regulation stifles individual responsibility and freedom.
Modern Conservatism
Notwithstanding traditional views, modern-day conservatism must be necessarily adapted to suit the shifting social environment of the 21st Century. Conservative thought has, for example, moved in a libertarian direction under the influence of neo-liberalism. This has seen a greater emphasis on individual autonomy, free markets and international trade, replacing the more protectionist policies of generations past.
More recently, a genuine social-conservatism has arisen in response to the greater acceptance of minority groups and the vocal debate around the ‘culture war’ taking place in the West. This makes conservatism a movement more driven by a set of values and mores, than by a particular economic policy.
Overall, conservatism has experienced a seismic shift in values over the past few years. It has moved from a movement which embraced stable traditions to one which recognises that society can and must continue to evolve and adapt. However, the core principles of conservatism remain the same: a commitment to tradition, hierarchy and personal responsibility.